November 29, 2025
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Outcomes Research Consortium, Houston, TX, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Corresponding author: Mark.Chappell@advocatehealth.edu
These authors made equal contributions.
Keywords: acute renal failure; angiotensin II; angiotensin-converting enzyme; cardiopulmonary bypass; renin; vasoplegia